What likely happened to the price of prostitution services in New Essay

What likely happened to the price of prostitution services in New Jersey during the most recent Super Bowl and why - Essay Example During the event, prices were adjusted accordingly, and this made the prices go up due to the various reasons outlined in this paper. First, the increases in demand for sex in New Jersey during the Super Bowl event lead to an increase in prices of the prostitution services in the city. In economic terms, prostitution refers to a commodity traded in a supply and demand market. Braeutigan illustrates that, if the demand of the commodity increases and the supply remains constant then prices of that commodity goes up (45). The influx of people in New Jersey to watch the Super Bowl games at Mat Life stadium increased the demand for prostitution, which in turn increased the price of the prostitution services in the city. Second, the constant supply of prostitution services during the Super Bowl also contributed to the increase in price of prostitution services in New Jersey (Stigler 6). Super Bowl event attracted tens of thousands of people to the city of whom most of them wanted prostitution services. Due to the constant supply of the service provided during the event, the prices went up. There was a low level of supply of the prostitution services in the city during the event because of the Super Bowl crackdown, strict rules and regulations laid by the NYID police during the event. These were meant to reduce the number of prostitution providers in the city who were not legally permitted into the business. Therefore, the supply of the prostitution services during the event was very low, hence; caused the increase in the prices of the prostitution services in the city Third factor that lead to increase in the prices of prostitution services in New Jersey is the monopolistic competition market structure in New Jersey. This type of the market structure is where there are few firms in the prostitution industry more so during the Super Bowl event. This created the monopoly power in the prostitution industry in the New Jersey, which resulted in high

Differences between primary and secondary research Paper

Differences between primary and secondary - Research Paper Example â€Å"These original documents (i.e., they are not about another document or account) are often diaries, letters, memoirs, journals, speeches, manuscripts, interviews and other such unpublished works† (University of California Santa Cruz, 2011). The primary source is original and encapsulates a lot of creativity. The information is factual rather than interpretive. Primary references report the scientific discoveries in detail. In scientific studies, they not only narrate the conclusions, but also sufficiently discuss the clinical trials as well as the experiments that make part of the research. The discussion is completely factual. Secondary research upon humanities encapsulates analysis and interpretation of the primary sources. The event discussed happens in the past and only a second-hand account of the same is generated. Creative works are interpreted in the secondary research. In the secondary research, research outcomes and scientific discoveries are analyzed and interp reted. Primary sources consume more time in retrieving than the secondary sources. This is because of the fact that to retrieve information from the primary sources, the researcher needs to approach the respondent. The first and the foremost obstacle in way of retrieving information from a primary source is that the researcher needs to take an appointment from the respondent. ... It is for the researcher to decide whether the interview has to be structured, semi-structured or non-structured. Once everything is ready, the researcher still might encounter inconvenience collecting the data as the respondent might not feel comfortable discussing certain issues that are of prime interest to the researcher. Therefore, most researchers refer to the primary data only when there is insufficient information in the secondary sources (Duval, 2005). Nevertheless, because of the researcher’s use of â€Å"telephone surveys, computerized data analysis, and use of cell phones and pagers† (Benfield and Szlemko, 2006, p. 2), primary data is not as difficult to collect in the present age as it used to be in the past. On the other hand, secondary sources are very easy to retrieve the information from. All the researcher needs is access to the required material. â€Å"Marketing researchers use secondary information because it can be obtained at a fraction of the cos t, time, and inconvenience of primary data collection† (McDaniel and Gates, 1998, p. 75). Examples of the primary sources about humanities are letters, diaries and journals. Data is retrieved from magazines and newspapers. Photographs, government records, one-to-one interviews with the concerned parties and paintings are all included in the primary resources. Sources conventionally used for the scientific research include but are not limited to the published results of experiments, conferences and clinical trials. Examples of the secondary sources include histories, biographies, books, newspaper articles and scientific journals (Thomas, 2010). Nielsen

Market Segmentation and Consumer Buying Behaviour

Market Segmentation and Consumer Buying Behaviour Market segmentation is the division of the market into segments which a specific group of people help to require all that the consumers need. The Geographic,Psycho-graphic and life-style,Behavioural and Demographic which is the most important basic of segmentation are the four types and basics characteristics that market segmentation is based on. Also the consumer behaviour is the positive or negative reaction for the products of the marketing. Introduction Market segmentation is the divide of the market into sections, like an orange, in which all segments are linked but every segment has its own shape. The companies can be international by making foreign purchases, like British consumers buy Italian dresses and shoes. Market segments also, are an important part of marketing because a market consists of customers with similar needs and for each market segment there is a different marketing plan. MARKET SEGMENTATION A product is targeting a specific group of customers or a marketing mix of market segments. It is the companys responsibility to ensure that the product satisfy the needs of the customers in that target group. Every market segment can transfer a target market for an obstinate, and could require a special marketing mix if the firm is to use it successfully. As the companies know, segmentation allows for fast response of changing market requirements, improved analysis of competition and to efficient strategic planning. The purpose of segmentation is to find the ideal set of needs and behaviour of the targeted customer. The basis for segmenting markets depends for the five several ways in which a market can be segmented: Geographic This is the segmentation where the market is divided into groups based on where they live or where the customers are located. Do they live in the countryside or in a big city? Demographic Demographic segmentation is the most basic and the most popular type of segmentation. The groups of customers are chosen based on the following criteria: Age: the broad groups who may because of their age show distinct purchase behaviours. Is she/he a child? A teen? An infant?Is this product appropriate for our costumers age? Gender: Different sex of human. Is our customer a female or male and the product is made for men or for women or both? Life-cycle stage: Young, old, single, married, occupation, number of children. Social class: social class is an important one because these groupings seem to give reliable indicators of separate consumer mental state and needs .What is the social status of our consumer? Are they poor or rich? Life-style: Differences by character of a person, behaviour, habits, opinions and interests. For example women dresses is a product that is marketed based on demographic segmentation. The cause for this product is that it is made for women and the marketing mix is made up of groups of women of different ages. Another and particular example is the advertisement for the perfume The One by Dolce and Gabana. This perfume is very classy and fantastic and 4 when the women wear this perfume feel like a star and a true diva! You can find it in fashion magazines and this is due to the fact that it has a good price and is not very expensive and hence every woman can buy it. Psycho-graphic The way in which the customers react Behavioural Economic and social characteristics of the customers. Do they find the product good or bad? How do people behave? CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR Consumer behaviour is the positive or negative response for the products of the marketing when they like or dislike the product and if they pleased or displeased with that product. Consumer all the time has many motivations and this is the serious reason that is a payer and a buyer . The consumer needs to be completely happy and satisfied with the old and new requirements. At the same time all shoppers to complete their needs,without to realize they take a risk for dissadisfaction when buying a product,so must be carefully and to be sure that the product is safe. The consumers must to be alive because is the most important key for each company to live and success. Without consumers the companies can not handle their business and lose their jobs. The suppliers have to find a nice way to keep the consumers satisfied and want to buy again and again for the same supplier the products and to say to friends, a related good impressions to buy from the supplier. Allegiance customers are the people that they will help and give suggestions to the suppliers when they will have many problems and not really good and easy times at the company. Also can help the company to be more higher and improved the goodwill for the supplier organisations version. Certainly the essential part of the solution between loyalty and current consumers is more serious and important from the banks. Some of the private effects on consumers behaviour is the personality. Personality : each human has her/his own and separate way to think and have her/his personality. Is an inclusive idea which contains characteristics and calculate how the person appreciate to his/her to conditions and would be capable to know to sign in own behaviour. References Internet websites: http://www.themarketingprocessco.com/marketing/market%20segmentation/market_segmentation.htm http://www.bizrate.co.uk/perfumeandcologne/oid511115165.html BOOKS: The Chartered Institute of Bankers, (1996) Strategic Marketing Management, London. Wilkison, R. , Curtis, B. , Curtis, S. , Jones, C. , Morgan, B. , Norman, J. and Sykes,G. (1994) Business Studies an introduction to management and business studies , Meinemann Publisher Ltd. , Oxford. 9 Bibliography http://www.learnmarketing.net/consumer.htm http://www.kowthis.com/principles-of-marketing-tutorials/consumer-buying-behavior/

Assisted suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted suicide is a controversial issue in our society today. We ask the question, should people have the right to decide when and how to end their lives? Imagine a loved one in unbearable pain and knows it is only going to get worst until finally death. What if a loved one came to you and asked you to help them escape all their pain and suffering. Wouldn’t you want to help that loved one if you could? Hazel Blazer suffering from cerebral spinal meningitis that could not be cured is an example. Eugene Bauer suffering from terminal throat cancer, or Clarence Herbert who suffered a heart attack and remained in a coma. There are two places in which terminally ill patients can be legally assisted in suicide. The Netherlands is one place where assisted suicide is common among terminally ill. The method they use is euthanasia. Euthanasia is considered very humane and done very carefully. The family has the right to be there when terminally ill patient is given the drugs. The process is totally up to the patient if they want to end their life or not. Another place where assisted suicide is legal is in Oregon. Passed by the voters in 1994 the law enables terminally ill patients to obtain lethal doses of medication if their doctor determines they have less then six months to live. The right to die is illegal in most places, but yet an individual has a constitutional right to request the withdrawal and withholding of medical treatment even if doing so results in death. The right of a person to refuse medical treatment is widely practiced and a more accepted way to end ones live in our society. Living wills are one way to refuse medical treatment. These wills are legal documents which state how much treatment a person wants and where to stop. Another way to refuse medical treatment is do-not-resuscitate orders. In which the person states if something would happen they would not want to be resuscitated. The raises an important question, is the request of assistance in dying just an extension of an individual right to control the kind of treatment received when dying? Karen Ann Quinlan suffered a respiratory arrest which left her in permanent vegetative state. The condition left her unable to breathe without respirator and unable to eat without a feeding tube.

Metabolism

Now that you are familiar with the structure of prokaryotic cells, we can discuss the activities that allow these microbes to thrive. The life support activity of even the most structurally simple organism involves a large number of complex biochemical reactions. Most, although not all, of the biochemical processes of bacteria also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). For example, some bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) can grow on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia.This paper examines some representative chemical reactions that either produce energy (the catabolic reactions) or use energy (the anabolic reactions) in microorganisms. We will also look at how these various reactions are integrated within the cell.II. Discussio nA. Catabolic and Anabolic ReactionsWe use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Because chemical reactions either release or require energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided into two classes of chemical reactions—those that release energy and those that require energy. In living cells, the chemical reactions that release energy are generally the ones involved in catabolism, the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones. These reactions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions.On the other hand, the energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and require energy to form a new chemical b onds.Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharides from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds store energy; when they are broken, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water.Catabolic reactions furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions. This coupling of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (ATP). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups.When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphat e (ADP) is formed, and energy is released to drive anabolic reactions. Using P to represent a phosphate group, we can write this reaction as (ATP—> ADP + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is used to combine ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy—> ATP).Thus, anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing; some molecules are being broken down while others are being synthesized. This balanced flow of chemicals and energy maintains the life of a cell (â€Å"Metabolism; What is it exactly and how fast or slow should it be?†).B. EnzymesChemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken. In order for reactions to take place, atoms, ions, or molecules must collide. Whether a collision produces a reaction depends on the spe ed of the particles, the amount of energy required to trigger the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific configuration of the particles. The physiological temperature and pressure of organisms are too low for chemical reactions to occur quickly enough to maintain the life of the organism.Raising the temperature and pressure and the number of reacting molecules can increase the frequency of collisions and the rate of chemical reactions. However, such changes could damage or kill the organism. The living cell’s solution to this problem is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions in several ways. For example, an enzyme may bring two reactant molecules close together and may properly orient them to react. Whatever the method, the result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressure inside the cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes serve as biological catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. Each acts on specific substance, called the enzyme’s substrate (or substrates when there are two or more reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, sucrose (table sugar) is the substrate of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their structures. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to several million. Each of the thousands of known enzymes has a characteristics three-dimensional shape with a specific surface configuration as a result of its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The unique configuration of each enzyme enables it to â€Å"find† the correct substrate from among the large number of diverse molecules in t he cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic ActivitySeveral factors influence the activity of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.a.) TemperatureThe rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules move more slowly at low than at higher temperatures and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a certain temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This decrease is due to the enzyme’s denaturation, the loss of its characteristics three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).Most enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Above or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and therefore the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ concentration (pH) in the medium is changed, many of the enzyme’s amino acids are affected and the protein’s three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).Substrate ConcentrationThere is a maximum rate at which a certain amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. Only when the concentration of substrate(s) is extremely high can this maximum rate be attained. Under conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated; that is, its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a further increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all active sites are already in used. If a substrate’s concentration exceeds a cell’s saturation level for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increased only if the cell produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). However, under normal cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, many of the enzyme molecules are inactive for lack of substrate; thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration.InhibitorsAn effective way to control the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. As a result, the cells stop functioning and die.Enzyme inhibitors are classified according to their mechanism of action as competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate.Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site; instead they interact with another part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (â€Å"other space†) inhibition, an enzyme’s activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by binding of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrate’s binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).III. ConclusionIn conclusion, the sum of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions usually release energy. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemi cal reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characteristic three-dimensional shapes.Reference:Neidhardt, F.C. and K.E. van Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. â€Å"Metabolism; What Is It Exactly and How Fast or Slow Should It Be?† The Washington Times, January 31, 2006. â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism.† USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003 Metabolism The life support activity of even the most structurally simple organism involves a large number of complex biochemical reactions. Most, although not all, of the biochemical processes of bacteria also occur in eukaryotic microbes and in the cells of multicellular organisms, including humans. However, the reactions that are unique to bacteria are fascinating because they allow microorganisms to do things we cannot do (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). For example, some bacteria (the chemoautotrophs) can grow on diets of such inorganic substances as carbon dioxide, iron, sulfur, hydrogen gas, and ammonia.This paper examines some representative chemical reactions that either produce energy (the catabolic reactions) or use energy (the anabolic reactions) in microorganisms. We will also look at how these various reactions are integrated within the cell.II. DiscussionA. Catabolic and Anabolic ReactionsWe use the term metabolism to refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. Because chemical reactions either release or require energy, metabolism can be viewed as an energy-balancing act. Accordingly, metabolism can be divided into two classes of chemical reactions—those that release energy and those that require energy. In living cells, the chemical reactions that release energy are generally the ones involved in catabolism, the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.These reactions are called catabolic, or degradative, reactions. On the other hand, the energy-requiring reactions are mostly involved in anabolism, the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones. These reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic reactions (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). Anabolic processes often involve dehydration synthesis reactions (reactions that release water) and require energy to form a new chemical bonds.Examples of anabolic processes are the formation of proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, and polysaccharide s from simple sugars. These biosynthetic reactions generate the materials for cell growth. Catabolic reactions are generally hydrolytic reactions (reactions that use water to break chemical bonds). Chemical bonds store energy; when they are broken, chemical energy is released. An example of catabolism occurs when cells break down sugars into carbon dioxide and water.Catabolic reactions furnish the energy needed to drive anabolic reactions. This coupling of energy-requiring and energy-releasing reactions is made possible through the molecule adenosime triphospahte (ATP). ATP stores energy derived from catabolic reactions and releases it later to drive anabolic reactions and perform other cellular work. A molecule of ATP consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphate groups. When the terminal phosphate group is split from ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed, and energy is released to drive anabolic reactions.Using P to represent a phosphate group, we can write this react ion as (ATP—> ADP + P + energy). Then, the energy from catabolic reactions is used to combine ADP and a P to resynthesize ATP (ADP + P + energy—> ATP). Thus, anabolic reactions are coupled to ATP breakdown, and catabolic reactions are coupled to ATP synthesis. This concept of coupled reactions is very important. For now, you should know that the chemical composition of a living cell is constantly changing; some molecules are being broken down while others are being synthesized. This balanced flow of chemicals and energy maintains the life of a cell (â€Å"Metabolism; What is it exactly and how fast or slow should it be?†).B. EnzymesChemical reactions occur when chemical bonds are formed or broken. In order for reactions to take place, atoms, ions, or molecules must collide. Whether a collision produces a reaction depends on the speed of the particles, the amount of energy required to trigger the reaction (called activation energy), and the specific configuration of the particles. The physiological temperature and pressure of organisms are too low for chemical reactions to occur quickly enough to maintain the life of the organism. Raising the temperature and pressure and the number of reacting molecules can increase the frequency of collisions and the rate of chemical reactions. However, such changes could damage or kill the organism.The living cell’s solution to this problem is a class of proteins called enzymes. Enzymes can speed up chemical reactions in several ways. For example, an enzyme may bring two reactant molecules close together and may properly orient them to react. Whatever the method, the result is that the enzyme lowers the activation energy for the reaction without increasing the temperature or pressure inside the cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction without themselves being altered are called catalysts. In living cells, enzymes serve as biolog ical catalysts. As catalysts, enzymes are specific. Each acts on specific substance, called the enzyme’s substrate (or substrates when there are two or more reactants), and each catalyzes only one reaction. For example, sucrose (table sugar) is the substrate of the enzyme sucrase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose.The specificity of enzymes is made possible by their structures. Enzymes are generally globular proteins that range in molecular weight from about 10,000 to several million. Each of the thousands of known enzymes has a characteristics three-dimensional shape with a specific surface configuration as a result of its primary, secondary, and tertiary structures. The unique configuration of each enzyme enables it to â€Å"find† the correct substrate from among the large number of diverse molecules in the cell (â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism, 2003).C. Factors Influencing Enzymatic ActivitySeveral factors influence the activity of enzyme. Among the more important are temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and inhibitors.  a.) TemperatureThe rate of most chemical reactions increases as the temperature increases. Molecules move more slowly at low than at higher temperatures and may not have enough energy to cause a chemical reaction. For enzymatic reactions, however, elevation beyond a certain temperature drastically reduces the rate of reaction. This decrease is due to the enzyme’s denaturation, the loss of its characteristics three-dimensional structure (tertiary configuration). Denaturation of a protein involves breakage of hydrogen bonds and other noncovalent bonds (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).b.) pHMost enzymes have a pH optimum at which their activity is characteristically maximal. Above or below this pH value, enzyme activity, and therefore the reaction rate, declines. When the H+ concentration (pH) in the medium is changed, many of the enzyme’s amino acids are affected an d the protein’s three-dimensional structure is altered. Extreme changes in pH can cause denaturation (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).c.) Substrate ConcentrationThere is a maximum rate at which a certain amount of enzymes can catalyze a specific reaction. Only when the concentration of substrate(s) is extremely high can this maximum rate be attained. Under conditions of high substrate concentration, the enzyme is said to be saturated; that is, its active site is always occupied by substrate or product molecules. In this condition, a further increase in substrate concentration will not affect the reaction rate because all active sites are already in used. If a substrate’s concentration exceeds a cell’s saturation level for a particular enzyme, the rate of reaction can be increased only if the cell produces additional enzyme molecules (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990). However, under normal cellular conditions, enzymes are not saturated with substrate (s). At any given time, man y of the enzyme molecules are inactive for lack of substrate; thus, the rate of reaction is likely to be influenced by the substrate concentration.d.) InhibitorsAn effective way to control the growth of bacteria is to control their enzymes. Certain poisons, such as cyanide, arsenic, and mercury, combine with enzymes and prevent them from functioning. As a result, the cells stop functioning and die.Enzyme inhibitors are classified according to their mechanism of action as competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors. Competitive inhibitors fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. The competitive inhibitor is able to do this because its shape and chemical structure are similar to those of the normal substrate.Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete with the substrate for the enzyme’s active site; instead they interact with another part of the enzyme. In this process, called allosteric (â€Å"other space†) inhib ition, an enzyme’s activity is reduced because of a change in shape caused by binding of an inhibitor at a site rather than substrate’s binding site. The change in shape can be either reversible or irreversible (Neidhardt & Holde, 1990).III. ConclusionIn conclusion, the sum of all chemical within a living organism is known as metabolism. Catabolism refers to chemical reactions that result in the breakdown of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances. Catabolic reactions usually release energy. Anabolism refers to chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules. Anabolic reactions usually require energy. The energy of catabolic reaction is used to drive anabolic reactions. The energy for chemical reactions is stores in ATP. Moreover, the enzymes are proteins produced by living cells that catalyze chemical reactions. They are generally globular proteins with characteristic three-dimensional shapes.Reference:Neidhard t, F.C. and K.E. van Holde. Biochemistry. Redwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings, 1990. A biochemistry test with chapters on metabolic pathways of energy production and biosynthesis. â€Å"Metabolism; What Is It Exactly and How Fast or Slow Should It Be?† The Washington Times, January 31, 2006. â€Å"Immobilized Enzymes Can Check Bioterrorism.† USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education), Vol. 131, June 2003

Interpersonal Relationship Analysis: Characters of the Film Public Enemies

Communications 100 Interpersonal Analysis Effective interpersonal communication is crucial to development of all denominations of relationships between two or more individuals; from roll relationships shared between a doctor and patient, to platonic relationships shared between friends. Chiefly, interpersonal communication is arguably the most essential aspect contributing to the success or failure of a romantic relationship between a dyad.Communication directly influences the type of relationship participants share, how the relationship unfolds, and how satisfying that relationship is to the individuals sharing it. A lack of communication between individuals in an intimate relationship, such as one shared between a boyfriends and a girlfriend, typically results in mutual dissatisfaction which can lead to a decline in health of the individuals, both physically and emotionally, and ultimately, the disintegration of the relationship altogether. Read also Analysis of Characters in Flannery O’Connor’s â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own†Romantic relationships develop and change over time as people communicate with one another. The evolution of the relationship can be depicted through four specific models; Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor’s Social Penetration Theory, Mark Knapp and Anita Vangelisti’s Knapp’s Stage Model, Leslie Baxter and Connie Bullis’s Turning Point Model and, Leslie Baxter’s Dialectical Theory. The progression of romantic relationships can easily be analyzed in films because they are vividly depicted and often over exaggerated.Michael Mann’s 2009 film, Public Enemies, an adaptation of the non-fiction book by Bryan Burrough, Public Enemies: America’s Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933-34, chronicles the progression of the romantic relationship between the notorious bank robber John Dillinger and Billie Frechette while he is pursued by FBI agent Melvin Purvis in the midst of the Great Depression. The relationship Frechette and Dillinger carry out in the film perfectly displays the natural progression of an intimate relationship through the first five steps of the staircase in Knapp’s Stage Model.Knapp’s Stage Model is a communication model that conceptualizes relational development as a staircase consisting of five steps, with each step representing a respective stage of the relationship, that lead up toward commitment followed by five steps that descend from commitment towards the end of a relationship. The five steps that lead upwards towards commitment in chronological order are: initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, and bonding. John Dillinger and Billie Frechette met one night at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago where the initiating stage occurred.Initiating is when the individuals try to establish as positive an impression of oneself as possible to appear likeable an d pleasant. This stage is where the first impressions are made from a greetings and physical appearance. However, in order for the initiating stage to occur, the individuals need to signal interest in initiating contact at all. In our society, especially historically in time periods like the Great Depression, men typically initiate heterosexual romantic relationships, but only after the woman sends cues that they are single and interested primarily through kinesics nonverbal communication like eye contact and smiles.The excerpt from the movie script below shows the pre-initiation stage where Dillinger first sees Frechette and she sends nonverbal cues from across the crowded ballroom that she is both available and interested: ARAGON BALLROOM-NIGHT JOHN DILLINGER is watching a sexy young woman on the dance floor. He loses sight of her†¦ He's expecting someone. Then, Dillinger sees her again: jet black hair in a bob, brown eyes, high and a great smile. She lights up a room. She is BILLIE FRECHETTE. She feels the stare and looks over. She studies him, then, looks away. Dillinger adjusts his chair to watch for the girl.Dellinger can't see Billie anymore. Billie reappears, dancing with a young man. Dillinger keeps his eye on Billie. Music ends. Young man escorts her to her table. He tries to join her. She turns him down. Dillinger finishes his drink, approaches. He now sees how beautiful Billie is. She looks Dillinger straight in the eye. Clear skin, dark eyes with humor playing about the edges. He unexpectedly starts to feel nervous. He gives her his best grin. Next is the initiating stage where Dillinger initiates communication following a standard interpersonal script for meeting a new person consisting of an icebreaker and beginning an introduction.Billie forms a first impression of Dillinger based on her perceptions of him. Billie categorizes him by labeling him in her mind as â€Å"Not a hustler† and interprets that â€Å"he’s holding somet hing back† from the sensory input she selected to focus on. She then provides feedback showing her mutual interest to proceed to the experimenting stage. DILLINGER I don't know what you said to your friend, but I sure am glad you did. What's your name? Billie looks him over: a well-made man in a good suit with a great smile. And, paradoxes: he easily talks to women but he's not a hustler. He's young, but there's a world of experience in his face.Open, but he's holding something back. BILLIE Billie Frechette. DILLINGER Can I buy you a drink? Billie rises and they cross the bar. Is that French? BILLIE On my father's side. There's an â€Å"e† at the end. Do you have a name? DILLINGER Jack Harris. Music changes to â€Å"Bye Bye Blackbird. † The experimenting stage on relational development is when the participants try to learn more about each other by asking questions and start to self-disclose information to establish common interests. Typically, the proxemics obser ved between two people who are just beginning to become acquainted is at a personal distance of eighteen inches to four feet.However, because the progression of relationship between Dillinger and Frechette is depicted in a film that is just under two hours in duration, the experimenting stage is combined with the proceeding intensifying stage. Thus, Billie and Dillinger quickly move to an intimate distance while dancing to increase their connectedness. This stage is full of â€Å"tests. † First, individuals test the potential of progressing the relationship further by increasing self-disclosure to see if the other reciprocates the same level of disclosure and gain feedback on their impressions.Billie tests Dillinger to see how he reacts to her ethnicity in era in which darker physical characteristics were not valued as highly on the social comparison scale of attractiveness. Billie expresses her self-concept perceptions that that been influenced by the reflected appraisals fr om society when she shares her primary identity by stating â€Å"I’m Menominee Indian,† and secondary identity by stating â€Å"I check coats at the Steuben Club. † BILLIE Do you dance, Jack? DILLINGER I don't know how. BILLIE How come you don't know how to dance? It’s easy. Follow me.This is a two-step. She smiles a pretty smile at him. She stays an inch or two distant in his arms. It’s slow and languorous. He follows her with little difficulty. DILLINGER My, but you are pretty. They look into each other's eyes. He pulls her closer, wants to kiss her long smooth neck. He almost can't resist†¦ Their lips are an inch apart. And then she rests her cheek on his shoulder and the kiss that wasn't hangs in the air around them. He whispers†¦ Daddy’s French, what's on the other side? BILLIE Im Menominee Indian OK. But most men don't like that†¦She glares at him. DILLINGER I'm not most men. BILLIE And I check coats at the Steuben Club. What do you do, Jack? DILLINGER I'm catching up. BILLIE Catching up on what? DILLINGER On life, meeting someone like you. Dark, beautiful, like the black bird in that song He touches her hair. She laughs at the flattery. Holds his eyes a beat with an ironic look. He returns the look. They look away. Say, how'd you like some dinner? Billy nods. He nods courteously to her girlfriends, grabs her coat, puts a hand around Billie's waist and steers her out. It’s cold in the street.Dillinger pulls her close. Following, is the integration stage of relationship growth. During the fourth step, the deepest levels of self-disclosure begin signaling trust and intimacy and the individuals portray themselves as couple. Billie and Dillinger go to a restaurant together appearing to others as a couple. This scene also perfectly illustrates the three key factors necessary in the influence of one’s attraction to another: proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity. GOLD COAST REST AURANT – NIGHT Dillinger slips him bills. He and Billie are shown to a table.The clientele is North Shore old money and businessmen. Some of the women are in dazzling dresses even though it's mid-Depression. A few stare at Billie. She's out of her class. BILLIE What is it, exactly that you do for a living? She stares at him, ignoring her menu. He looks over the top of his menu DILLINGER. I’m John Dillinger. I rob banks. That's where all these people here put their money. BILLIE Why'd you tell me that? You could have made up a story†¦ DILLINGER ‘Cause I ain’t gonna lie to you. BILLIE That's a pretty serious thing to say to a girl you just met.DILLINGER I know you. BILLIE Well, I don’t know you†¦I haven't been any place or done anything. DILLINGER Some of the places I been ain't so hot. Where I'm going is a lot better. Wanna come along? BILLIE Boy, you are in a hurry. DILLINGER If you were looking at what I am looking at, you'd be in a hurry too. Laughs at his flattery, which she is also finding persuasive, then leans in. BILLIE Well, it’s me they're looking at this time. DILLINGER That's 'cause you're beautiful. BILLIE They’re looking at me because they're not used to having a girl in their restaurant in a three-dollar dress.He takes her hand DILLINGER Listen, doll, that's 'cause they're all about where people come from. Only thing important is where somebody's going. She smiles excitedly BILLIE Where are you going? DILLINGER Anywhere I want. Let's get out of here. She nods. They get up, get their things and he leads her with his hand on the small of her back. On their way†¦ a man intercepts Dillinger. (To Billie): Go wait outside. I'll be right there. Billie turns and walks out of the restaurant. Finally, the fifth stage of the relational development incline towards commitment is bonding.The bonding stage is where the relationship is characterized by public commitment. STEUBEN CLUB- NIGHT Dillinger enters, sees Billie talking with another hostess checking coats and hats. BILLIE (Without looking up at Dillinger): May I check your coat, sir? DILLINGER You ran out on me. BILLIE You left me standing alone on the sidewalk. She places her hand on her hip DILLINGER If you're going to be my girl, you have to swear you'll never, ever do that again. A CUSTOMER comes up and puts his ticket on the counter. BILLIE (Ignoring customer) Hey! I’m not your girl!And I’m not going to say that DILLINGER I'm waiting. CUSTOMER So am I. DILLINGER (to Billie) â€Å"I am not ever going to run out on you again. † Say it. BILLIE No. DILLINGER Well, I ain’t ever gonna run out on you. And that's a promise. CUSTOMER Well, I want to run out of here. So, lady, will you get my coat†¦? Dillinger swings him to the counter, grabs the man's ticket, slams through the half door, finds the man's coat, tosses it at him†¦ DILLINGER (To Customer): Hit the road Sport. Beat the tip. (To Billie): You ain't getting other people's hats and coats no more either.You’re with me now. He takes her coat and holds it for her. She doesn't move. BILLIE I don't know anything about you. DILLINGER I was raised on a farm in Mooresville, Indiana. My ma died when I was three. My daddy beat the hell out of me because he didn't know no better way to raise me I like baseball, movies, good clothes, fast cars, and you. What else do you need to know? She gets into her coat. Dillinger opens the door for her. Although this interaction is fictional, John Dillinger and Billie Frechette really did carry out a relationship that progressed much like the one depicted above.However, their relationship did not decline down the staircase through the five steps of termination; differentiating, circumscribing, stagnating, avoiding, and terminating, because John Dillinger was shot and killed by FBI agent Winstead outside of the Biograph Theatre in Chicago. Billie was incarcerated on charges of being an accomplice to one of America’s most wanted criminals until 1936 and lived the rest of her life in Wisconsin. Works Cited Alberts, Jess K. , Judith N. Martin, and Thomas K. Nakayama. Communication Fundamentals. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, 2011.Print. Eiderman, Ann, Michael Mann, and Ronan Bennett. â€Å"Public Enemies Script. † The Internet Movie Script Database (IMSDb). N. p. , Nov. 2007. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. ;http://www. imsdb. com/scripts/Public-Enemies. html;. â€Å"Knapp's Relational Development Model. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 16 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Knapp's_Relational_Development_Model>. â€Å"Public Enemies (2009 Film). † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. .